SpringSnowflakes: July 2024

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1. Claude Monet (1840-1926)

One of the most famous French artists has to be Claude Monet, as one of the founders of impressionist paintings.

Born in Paris, Monet started off painting everything from landscapes and seascapes to portraits.

He became famous for his waterlilies, which were inspired by his gardens at Giverny, and would paint the same outdoor scenes over and over again in different lighting and seasonal conditions.

You can find several of his artworks at Musée d’Orsay and Musée de l’Orangerie in Paris.

2. Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

A contemporary of Monet, Edgar Degas was also French impressionist artist and sculptor who has earned much renown. Degas became well known for his works on ballet classes, usually featuring the young female dancers.He would regularly visit Opera Garnier in Paris, and one of his most famous sculptures is titled “Little Dancer aged 14” and is based on a real person.It is entirely sculpted in wax and is dressed in a real bodice, tutu and ballet slippers. Unlike most artwork featuring ballerinas show them as graceful and beautiful, this statue was intended to show not a prima ballerina, but one of “ballet rats” working in the corps de ballet without any of the glory and suffering in silence. At the time, young ballet dancers were expected to give sexual favors to the male patrons who would go backstage and watch the girls practice. Many of his works featured men hanging around in dark corners, watching the ballet rats. Degas would find much international acclaim, although in his later years he was accused of anti-Semitism and misanthropic behaviour.

3. Henri Matisse (1869-1954)

Born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis in Northern France, Henri Matisse originally intended to study law. When his mother bought him an art set while he was recovering from appendicitis, he later said “a whole new world opened up to him”.He went on to study art, and became famous for his use of bright and expressive colors. Many of his works use fauvism techniques emphasizing strong colors rather than the realistic tones that impressionists were using.

4. Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)

One of the most emblematic paintings in France is Eugène Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People. Located in the Louvre Museum, it shows a partially clothed Marianne, the female figure that has become a symbol of France, leading the people towards a revolution.The revolution in question however, is not the 1789 French Revolution, but the the July Revolution of 1830. (Yes, French people like to protest a lot.) Delacroix also has several other works hanging in the Louvre such as A Young Tiger Playing with its Mother and The Duke of Morny’s Apartment Delacroix’s home in Paris was turned into a national museum in the 1920s and is today attached to the Louvre. It is located in the 6th arrondissement on the Left Bank, near the Jardin du Luxembourg.

5. Auguste Rodin (1840 – 1917)

Born in 1840, Auguste Rodin has been considered the forefather of modern sculture. A departure from the style of greek antiquity, his sculptures often have a rough, rather unfinished look. He modelled the human body based on naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate physicality rather than perfection. He has his own museum in Paris is Auguste Rodin, or rather two. The museum has two sites, the palatial mansion “Hôtel Biron” in central Paris in the 7th arrondissement, as well as Rodin’s own home in the Parisian suburb of Meudon. As his fame grew, he began receiving requests to make busts of prominent people in France and internationally. Many of his works are sculptures are commissions of people, where his assistants made authorized copies of his works. Considered among the “fathers of modern sculpture”, it is his statue of the Thinker that is immediately recognizable.

Upon his death in 1917, Rodin left his studio, many of his works, as well as the right to make casts from his plasters to the French government. Because he authorized the use of plasters, he is one of the most forged artists in the world. In response to the forgeries, France passed several laws since 1956 to limit reproduction to 12 casts, the maximum number that can be made from an artist’s plasters and still be considered his work.

6. Paul Gauguin (1848 – 1903)

French post-impressionist artist Paul Gauguin became famous world wide for his paintings about Tahiti. Tahiti is an overseas territory of France and French Polynesia, and where Gaugin spent several years of his life.Gauguin was also well-known for being friends with Vincent van Gogh and his brother and Theo, who was an art dealer. Gauguin was in Arles painting with Van Gogh on the day when Van Gogh decided to cut off his own ear.He was known to have influenced such artists as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, moving away from classic and impressionist paintings.

7. Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841 – 1919)

Another leading French artist has to be Pierre-August Renoir. A famed impressionist, one of his most famous works is the “Dance at Le moulin de la Galette” which was painted in 1876. It is one of Impressionism’s most celebrated masterpieces and a smaller version of this painting which is in private hands, was sold for $78 million in 1990. One can only imagine what price this larger painting would fetch on the open market. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at the original Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre in Paris.It is basically an outdoor bal or party, where Parisians would dress up with friends, dancing and drinking late into the evening. (You can still find bals populaires in Paris, which locals flock to.)Renoir would paint many such social events as well as portraits and other paintings of people in his entourage.

8. Paul Cézanne (1839 – 1906)

French artist and Post-Impressionist painter is known for using repetitive, small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. He is credited with bridging 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century’s Cubism. Alternating between Paris and L’Estaque in Marseille, his work would fluctuate between landscapes in Provence to darker subjects in Paris.He was also good friends with fellow artist Camille Pissarro who lived in Pontoise and Auvers, where he and Cézanne painted landscapes together.

9. Édouard Manet (1832 – 1883)

A modernist and impressionist painter, Édouard Manet is said to have been at the forefront of modern painting.Painted in 1893, his “Luncheon on the Grass” broke all the rules when it was exhibited. It is a large scale painting that measures 81.9 inches x 104 inches, that today hangs in Musée d’Orsay.It depicts a nude female woman, sitting casually at a picnic with an assortment of food next to her, along with two fully dressed men.There were many negative reviews when it was first displayed. Even famous writer and philosopher Emile Zola commented on the “obscene intent” of the juxtaposition of this woman painted in white, while the men are in dark colors.Inspired by this painting, many other famous contemporaries of Manet like Paul Cezanne, Claude Monet, James Tissot, Paul Gaugin and Pablo Picasso produced paintings of picnics with various levels of nudity.

10. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864 – 1901)

Among the post-impressionist greats, Toulouse-Lautrec is right up there with names like Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Georges Seurat.Born in Albi (a small town right next to the city of Toulouse and village of Lautrec), he was born into an aristocratic family. If Henri had outlived his father, he would have inherited the family title of Comte de Toulouse-Lautrec.However, his parents were first cousins and this inbreeding caused many medical issues. He was known for being quite short due to a medical condition that is sometimes called Toulouse-Lautrec Syndrome, when as a child he broke both his legs.His medical problems were added to by his alcoholism, and he developed an affinity for brothels and prostitutes, dying young at the age of 36. His work remains of much renown however, as one of the most famous artists in France.

11. Vincent van Gogh (1853 – 1890)

Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh may not have been born in France, but it is in France that he had his biggest breakthroughs. It was in Arles in Provence, and around Paris where his most famous paintings were painted, and where his brother Theo lived with his family.His self-portrait is believed to have been painted in 1889 in Arles or St. Remy de Provence where Van Gogh spent a couple of years in a mental institution after cutting off his own ear.He would die at 37, and is buried in Auvers-sur-Oise, a suburb outside of Paris. His brother would also suffer from dementia and would die at 33, and is buried next to him. It would be Theo’s wife Johanna Gezina who would promote the artworks and writings of Vincent Van Gogh after his death.

12. Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973)

Like Van Gogh, Picasso was not born in France, but he was so emblematic of the art scene in Paris, that I had to include him on the list. He first visited Paris at the age of 19 and would eventually move to France, dying at the age of 91 in Mougins, France.It is very rare for a living artist to have his work exhibited at the Louvre, their work is usually meant to be exhibited in Centre Pompidou. However, for his 90th birthday, a selection of Picasso’s pieces went on display in the Louvre museum’s Grande Galerie, an exceptional honor.With a varied neo-classical style, he became one of the best-known figures in the 20th-century art world and beyond. His family donated a large portion of his works to France as a way to settle his estate for succession taxes. These works are today held in Musée Picasso in Paris.

13. Marc Chagall (1887 – 1985)

French-Russian artist Marc Chagall Paris, Berlin, and Moscow, until WWII broke out. Influenced by the art scene in all three capitals, he experiment with cubism, symbolism, and fauvism, giving rise to surrealism. As he was of Jewish heritage, he and his wife fled Paris during WWII to Marseille. They were extricated from arrest in Marseille in 1941, along with other Jewish prisoners, by the United States due to their high standing. Many of his works were also saved in this manner. He returned the France after the war, settling in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, about seven miles west of Nice until his death in 1985 at the age of 97. There is a museum in Paris, Musée Picasso as well as one in Nice, dedicated to the artist’s many works and includes several paintings, sculptures, ceramics, and photos.

14. Marie Tussaud (1761 – 1850)

French sculptor Marie Tussaud may not be an artist in the traditional sense, but her wax sculptures were so life-like, her name remains iconic.Madame Tussaud was born in Strasbourg, earning a living making portraits of the likes of celebrated philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire, and American ambassador Benjamin Franklin.When 1789 French Revolution occurred, she was thought to be a royalist. Arrested and with her head shaved for execution, she was given a last minute reprieve. She was ordered to make death masks of the revolution’s famous victims, including Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, Princesse de Lamballe, Marat, and Robespierre.In 1802, she went to England and found herself unable to return due to the conflict between Napoleon and the English, having left her husband back in France. They would never see each other again. Her son later joined the family business in England, going on to launch the famous Madame Tussauds that has installations in several cities around the world. Interestingly, there has never been a Madame Tussauds in France, with the closest imitation being Musée Grévin in Paris that opened in 1882.15.In 1873, he helped establish a society of aspiring artists who all encouraged each other, working together. Camille Pissarro (1830 – 1903) French artist Paul Cézanne is believed to have said “he was a father for me”, influencing him greatly along with younger artists like Paul Gauguin and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He died at 73 years old in Paris and is buried at Père Lachaise cemetery in the 20th arrondissement.

16. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834 – 1904)

You may not recognize the name Bartholdi, but you will certainly recognize his most famous sculptural work, Liberty Enlightening the World. Also known as the Statue of Liberty.

Camille Pissarro is a Dutch-French artist was born in what is today the U.S. Virgin Islands (at the time, Danish West Indies).He would move to Paris as a young man, where he created thousands of works, in a realist and later impressionist style. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he moved his family the edge of London. When he returned to France, he found that most of his 1500 paintings had been destroyed.

French artist Paul Cézanne is believed to have said “he was a father for me”, influencing him greatly along with younger artists like Paul Gauguin and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He died at 73 years old in Paris and is buried at Père Lachaise cemetery in the 20th arrondissement.

16. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834 – 1904)

You may not recognize the name Bartholdi, but you will certainly recognize his most famous sculptural work, Liberty Enlightening the World. Also known as the Statue of Liberty.